HSC - II (XII Karachi Board) - Grammar

 

Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect.

a.       When the Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense:

A Present Indefinite becomes a Past Indefinite

He said, “I am not a thief.” (DIRECT)

He said that he was not a thief. (INDIRECT)

A Present Continuous becomes a Past Continuous

She said, “I am working hard”. (DIRECT)

She said that she was working hard’ (INDIRECT)

A Present Perfect becomes a Past Perfect

He said, I have returned the books.” (DIRECT)

He said that he had returned the books. (INDIRECT)

A Past Indefinite changes into a Past Perfect.

She said, “The patient died in the hospital.” (DIRECT)

She said that the patient had died in the hospital. (INDIRECT)

Will / Shall changes into would/should

He said, “She will go there.” (DIRECT)

He said that she would go there. (INDIRECT)

Pronouns of the First and  the Second Person change into the third person.

However, if the person addressed reports the speech, second persons change into first

She said, “I do not agree with you.” (DIRECT)

She said that she did not agree with him. (INDIRECT)

He said to the stranger, “I do not recognize you”. (DIRECT)

He told the stranger that he did not recognize him. (INDIRECT)

The teacher said to Mueen, “I have taught you and your sister.” (DIRECT)

The teacher told Mueen that he had taught him and his sister. (INDIRECT)

She said to me, “You are a lazy boy”. (DIRECT),

She told me that I was a lazy boy. (INDIRECT)

Words showing nearness change into words showing distance:

Word	Changes into
this	that
now	then
here	there
thus	so
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day
yesterday	the day before
last night	the night before
ago	before

 In Reporting Questions:

 a. beginning with Helping Verb, we place whether or if after the object of the reporting verb; or if the answer to the question is Yes or No, we use whether or if after the Object of the Reporting Verb.

b. beginning with an interrogative, word like what and why we do not use any Conjunction. However the Reporting Verb is changed to asked, enquired, requested, etc.

Examples:

He said, “Will you listen to me?” (Direct)

He asked me whether I would listen to him. (Indirect)

She said, “Are you going to Lahore today?” (Direct)

She asked me whether I was going to Lahore that day. (Indirect)

He said, “Do you agree with me?” (Direct)

He asked me whether | agreed with him. (Indirect)

She said to me, “What are you looking for?” (Direct)

She asked me what I was looking for. (Indirect)

She said, “Where do you live?” (Direct)

She enquired of them where they lived.

He said, “How many chapters have you done already?” (Direct)

He enquired of him how many chapters he had done by that time. (Indirect)

In Imperative sentences the mood of verb is changed into the infinitive and the reported speech is introduced by some verb expressing command or request i.e. tell, ask, order, request, beg, appeal, entreat, advise etc.

The referee said, “Quiet, please”. (Direct)

The referee requested the spectators to be quiet. (Indirect)

The teacher said, “Do-not make a noise”. (Direct)

The teacher asked-the students not to make a noise. (Indirect)

She said to me, “Tell the truth”. (Direct)

She advised me to tell the truth. (Indirect)

She said to me, “Please lend me your camera for a day.” (Direct)

She requested me to lend her my camera for a day. (Indirect)

Roshana said, “Let us finish our work first” (Direct)

Roshana proposed that they should finish their work first. (Indirect)

In sentences expressing sudden and strong feelings or emotions and wishes, the reported speech is introduced by some Verb expressing exclamation or wish.

He said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”

He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

 

He said, “Alas! I am ruined.”

He exclaimed with sorrow that he had been ruined.

 

He said, “May God help me do my duty”

He prayed that God might help him do his duty

 

If the reporting verb is in the Present, Present Perfect or Future Tense, the reported speech retains the same tense as used by the speaker. The pronouns, however, change as usual.

She says, “I hope I am not late.” (Direct)

She says that she hopes she is not late. (Indirect)

He says, “I want to speak to you.” (Direct)

He says that he wants to speak to him. (Indirect)

You have said, “They are waiting outside.” (Direct)

You have said that they are waiting outside. (Indirect)

 You will say, “She is cranky”. (Direct)

You will say that she is cranky. (Indirect)

 

S. #	Words	Meanings	Sentence
1.	accede	assent or agree to a request, proposal	It is so kind of you to accede to my request.
	exceed	to be greater than	London exceeds Glasgow in size and population.
2.	accept	consent to; receive something offered	It is an accepted truth that the earth revolves round the sun.
	except	set apart from; to leave out	The whole staff was present, not excepting the heads of departments.
3.	adapt	fit a thing to another.	This book is adapted to the needs of beginners.
	adept	expert in something.	I am not an adept in photography.
	adopt	take (an idea, custom etc.) and use it.	I like your methods of teaching and shall adopt them in my school.
4.	affect	have an influence or effect on; act on	Some plants are quickly affected by cold.
	effect	result, outcome, impression	The children were suffering from the effects of the hot weather.
5.	all ready	quite prepared	I am all ready to go.
	already	by this or that time	He has already performed the task.
6.	advice	suggestion (as friend)	My advice fell flat upon him.
	advise	suggestion (as elder)	It is the duty of parents to advise their children againstbad manners.
7.	altar	raised place on which offeringsare made to a god	Many people sacrificed their lives at the altar of freedom.
	alter	to change	He has altered a great deal since I saw him a year ago.
8.	ascent	upward movement	The ascent to Murree Hills is very steep.
	assent	concurrence	He readily assented to my proposal.
9.	angel	spirit	He is an angel, not a man.
	angle	mathematical term	A triangle has three angles.
10.	ant	insect	The ant was going to drown.
	aunt	maternal / paternal relation	My aunt sent me a birthday present.
11.	air		Birds fly in the air.
	heir	successor to someone	He is an heir to a large property.
	ere	before	Do some good ere you die.
12.	artist	person practises fine arts	Moin Akhter was a great artist.
	artiste	a professional singer or dancer.	Atif Aslam is a well-known international artiste.
13.	apposite	proper, judicious	The principal made very apposite remarks on the necessity of technical education.
	opposite	standing in front; contrary	My house is situated opposite to the Post Office.
14.	antic	queer behaviour; awkward movement	The antics of the clown at the Russian circus greatly amused the spectators.
	antique	of old times; old fashioned.	My hobby is coin-collecting and I have a number of antique coins with me.
15.	allusion	indirect reference	That man has a glass eye but he does not like people to make any allusion to it.
	illusion	a deceptive appearance.	At last the frightful phantom was known to be just an illusion.
16.	bare	uncovered	His bare body was scorched by the mid-day sun.
	bear	(verb) to uncover, (noun): an animal	I cannot bear this ill-treatment at your hands. He was killed by a bear in the forest.

17.	beach	shore	He was standing on the beach and was watching the ripples.
	beech	the name of a tree	There was a row of beech trees in front of the church.
18.	bail	security	The judge refused to release him on bail.
	bale	bundle	Four thousand bales of cotton were burnt in the fire.
19.	berth	a sleeping place in a train, a ship or an aircraft.	I got a berth reserved in a first class compartment.
	birth	coming to life	She is Russian by birth.
20.	bad	not good	A bad worker quarrels with his tools.
	bade	past tense of bid	I bade him leave my room.
	bed	ornament of sleeping	She was sleeping on bed.
21.	broach	to open or start	Who will broach this topic?
	brooch	a female ornament	The brooch looks beautiful in her sari.
22.	brake	apparatus for checking wheel’s motion	He applied the brakes to the car and thus saved the child from being killed.
	break	to come to pieces; to come apart.	Some mischievous boy has broken all the window-panes.
23.	blew	past tense of blow.	The policeman blew his whistle.
	blue	a colour.	The ink was blue.
24.	bridal	relating to marriage.	The bridal cake was eaten by the guests.
	bridle	rein of a horse.	The horse broke its bridle.
25.	boy		That was the boy who broke my slate.
	buoy	a floating object anchored in a lake, river, etc.	The zones for swimming and the zones for water sports are clearly marked by buoys.
26.	born	given birth to	Ajmal was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.
	borne	carried; sustained	This widow has borne many hardships.
27.	berry	any small, juicy, fleshy fruit	Do you sell berries?
	bury	put or hide underground.	The Muslims bury their dead.
28.	ingenious	very clever and skilful	She was ingenious at finding ways to work more quickly.
	ingenuous	honest, sincere and trusting	It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to look after his luggage.
29.	may be	a verb phrase meaning "might be" or "could be."	I may be going out tonight.
	maybe	an adverb meaning "perhaps" or "possibly.	Maybe I will go out tonight.
30.	compliment	remark that expresses approval, admiration or respect	I take it as a compliment when people say I look like my mother.
	complement	to make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it	The music complements her voice perfectly.
31.	complacent	satisfied	We can't afford to become complacent about any of our products.
	complaisant	willing to please; affably agreeable; obliging	Can we really sit back and watch the suffering of a whole nation and be so complaisant?
32.	confident	having confidence	Be a bit more confident in yourself!
	confidant	a person you trust and share your feelings and secrets with	Within a few short years he was a trusted confidant.

33.	disease	illness of people, animals, plants, etc.	Starvation and diseases have killed thousands of refugees.
	decease	a person's death	The house will not be yours till after your mother's decease.
34.	gate	a part of a fence or outside wall that is fixed at one side and opens and closes like a door	Take the next right turning through a large iron gate onto a cobbled road.
	gait	a particular way of walking	He walked with a slow stiff gait.
35.	yoke	a wooden bar which is fastened over the necks of two animals	In just a few weeks another 10 nations, many freed from the yoke of Communist oppression.
	yolk	the yellow, middle part of anegg	I like eggs lightly cooked so that the yolk is still runny.
36.	urban	of or in a city or town	The development is clearly urban in character, but lacks local shops and facilities.
	urbane	confident, comfortable and polite in social situations	He was always well informed and brought an urbane authority to everything he did.
37.	casual	describes clothes that are not formal or not suitable for special occasions	I dress casual as I am in a casual setting.
	causal	a relationship, link, etc. between two things in which one causes the other	Is there a causal relationship between violence on television and violent behaviour?
38.	pour	to make a substance flow from a container, especially into another container	I spilled the juice while I was pouring it.
	pore	a very small hole in the skin of people or other animals, or a similar hole on the surface of plants or rocks	Sweat passes through the pores and cools the body down.
39.	wreck	to destroy or badly damage something	Our greenhouse was wrecked in last night's storm.
	reek	to have a strong unpleasant smell	Her breath reeked of garlic.
	wreak	to cause something to happen in a violent and often uncontrolled way	The recent storms have wreaked havoc on crops.
40.	cession	giving up (of rights, property, territory, etc.) to another	The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) led to further cessions of territory by China.
	session	a formal meeting or series of meetings of an organization	The parliamentary session is due to end on May 27th.
41.	canon	Christian priest with special duties in a cathedral	He was first appointed as a residentiary canon and only became Chancellor after several years with us.
	cannon	a large, mounted piece of artillery; a large gun with a relatively short barrel, as a howitzer	Instead of eight machine guns, it now had twelve, or four 20mm cannon.

42.	aspire	to have a strong want or hope to do or have something	Few people who aspire to fame ever achieve it.
	expire	if something which lasts for a fixed length of time expires, it comes to an end or stops being in use	Our television license expires next month.
43.	canvas	a piece of cloth used by artists for painting on, usually with oil paints, or the painting itself	These two canvases by Hockney would sell for £50,000.
	canvass	to try to get political support or votes, especially by visiting all the houses in an area	I've been out canvassing for the Labour Party every evening this week.
44.	cast	to choose actors to play particular parts in a play, film or show	He was often cast as the villain.
	caste	a system of dividing Hindu society into classes, or any of these classes	Islam condemns caste system.
45.	persecute	to treat someone unfairly for a long time because of  race or religion etc	Religious minorities were persecuted and massacred during the ten-year regime.
	prosecute	to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a court of law	He was prosecuted for fraud.
46.	voracity	excessive desire to eat	On reaching the ship they were offered some bread, which they devoured with a voracious appetite.
	veracity	the quality of being true, honest or accurate	The veracity of the second claim can be tested against the findings of archaeology.
47.	ardour	great enthusiasm or love	Pakistanis seem to have less ardour for luxury goods than in the boom years of the late 90s.
	order	the way in which people or things are arranged	The children lined up in order of age/height.
48.	conquer	to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force	The British conquered Subcontinent in the war of 1857.
	concur	to agree with someone or have the same opinion as someone else	The new report concurs with previous findings.
49.	cite	to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened	He cited three reasons why people get into debt.
	site	a place where something is, was, or will be built or happen	The council hasn’t yet chosen the site for the new hospital.
50.	addict	a person who cannot stop doing or using something, especially something harmful	There are a reported two million male cocaine addicts in the US.
	edict	an official order, especially given in a forceful way	Most shops are ignoring the government's edict against Sunday trading.
51.	right	Correct	You got three answers right and two wrong.
	rite	a set of fixed words and actions	You have to go through an initiation rite before you become a full member.
52.	weather	the conditions in the air above the earth such as wind, rain or temperature	The weather in the hills can change very quickly, so take suitable clothing.
	whether	if, or not	I wasn't sure whether you'd like it.
53.	deference	respect and politeness	He treats her with such deference.
	difference	the way in which two or more things which you are comparing are not the same	What's the difference between an ape and a monkey?
54.	eligible	having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions	Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.
	illegible	impossible or almost impossible to read because of being very untidy or not clear	His writing is almost illegible.
55.	president	the leader of the republic government	Mr. Mamnoon Husain is the President of Pakistan.
	precedent	an action, situation or decision which has already happened	There are several precedents for promoting people who don't have formal qualifications.
56.	immigrant	a person who has come to a different country in order to live there permanently	Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught.
	emigrant	a person who emigrates	There were only a small number of emigrants on board.
57.	facilitate	to make possible or easier	The current structure does not facilitate efficient work flow.
	felicitate	to wish happiness to; congratulate	Asian medal winners to be felicitated next Sunday.
58.	fair	just and honest; impartial	It's not fair that she's allowed to go and I'm not!
	fare	the money paid for a journey on a vehicle	Train fares are going up again.
59.	wave	to raise your hand and move it from side to side as a way of greeting someone	I waved to him from the window but he didn't see me.
	waive	to give up or forgo (a right, claim, privilege, etc.)	The bank manager waived the charge as we were old and valued customers.
60.	flatter	to praise in a way that is not sincere	I knew he was only flattering me because he wanted to borrow some money.
	flutter	to make a series of quick delicate movements up and down or from side to side	Brightly coloured flags were fluttering in the breeze.
61.	raise	to lift something to a higher position	Would all those in favour please raise their hands?
	raze	to completely destroy a city, building, etc	The town was razed to the ground in the bombing raid- not a building was left standing.
62.	least	less than anything or anyone else; the smallest amount or number	This group is the least likely of the four to win.
	lest	in order to prevent any possibility that something will happen	They were afraid to complain about the noise lest they annoyed the neighbours.
63.	quiet	making very little noise	It's so quiet without the kids here.
	quite	a little or a lot but not completely	I'm quite tired but I can certainly walk a little further.
64.	their	of or belonging to them	He gave them their coats.
	there	that place	Put the chair there.
65.	premier	best or most important	He's one of the nation's premier scientists.
	premiere	the first public performance of a play or any other type of entertainment	The world premiere of the opera will be at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York
66.	ballot	a system or occasion of secret voting	They decided to hold a ballot.
	ballet	a type of dancing where carefully organized movements tell a story or express an idea	By the age of fifteen he had already composed his first ballet.
67.	corps	a military unit trained to perform particular duties	The EU could set up the "external action service,” a kind of EU diplomatic corps.
	corpse	a dead body, usually of a person	In the morning they found his corpse on the ground.
68.	due	expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time	The next meeting is due to be held in three months' time.
	dew	drops of water that form on the ground and other surfaces outside during the night	There was moderate dew on the grass.
69.	diary	a book with a separate space or page for each day	Don't forget to write the date of the meeting in your diary.
	dairy	A commercial establishment for processing or selling milk and milk products.	Dairy farm may be supplied by water from a nearby spring.
70.	route	a particular way or direction between places	The route we had planned took us right across Greece.
	rout	to defeat an enemy completely and force them to run away	The Russian chess team has routed all the rest.
71.	feet	plural of foot	Your feet look horrible.
	feat	something difficult needing a lot of skill, strength, bravery, etc. to achieve it	The Eiffel Tower is a remarkable feat of engineering.
72.	differ	to be not like something or someone else, either physically or in another way	The twins look alike, but they differ in temperament.
	defer	to delay something until a later time; to postpone	My bank has agreed to defer the repayments on my loan while I'm still a student.
73.	prescribe	to say what medical treatment someone should have	The drug is often prescribed for ulcers.
	proscribe	to not allow something	The Athletics Federation has banned the runner from future races for using proscribed drugs.
74.	career	a profession or occupation which one trains for and pursues as a lifework	Graduates may pursue careers in the public or private sector.
	carrier	a person or thing that carries something.	The parcels carriers used by most online retailers tend to be less flexible.
75.	cease	to stop something to stop something	The Company has decided to cease all UK operations after this year.
	seize	to take something quickly and keep or hold it	I seized his arm and made him turn to look at me.
76.	veil	a piece of thin material worn by women to cover the face or head	The women wore black veils which covered all but their eyes.
	vale	used in the name of some valleys	The Vale of Evesham
77.	queue	a line of people, usually standing or in cars, waiting for something	There was a long queue of traffic stretching down the road.
	cue	a signal for someone to do something	They started washing up, so that was our cue to leave the party.
78.	conscious	to notice that a particular thing or person exists or is present	I think she's very conscious of being the only person in the office who didn't have a university education.
	conscience	the part of you that judges how moral your own actions are	You didn't do anything wrong - you should have a clear conscience.
79.	confidant	a person you trust and share your feelings and secrets with	Within a few short years he was a trusted confidant.
	confidante	a woman or girl confidant	Within a few short years she was a trusted confidant.
80.	loose	not firmly fixed in place	There were some loose wires hanging out of the wall.
	lose	to no longer have something	I've lost my ticket.
81.	dual	with two parts, or combining two things	This room has a dual purpose, serving as both a study and a dining room.
	duel	a formal fight in the past, using guns or swords, arranged between two people as a way of deciding an argument	The composer Strauss was once challenged to a duel.
82.	all	every one (of)	All animals have to eat in order to live.
	awl	a small, pointed tool for making holes in wood, leather, etc.	That awl causes loud noise.
83.	fallow	describes land that is not planted with crops, in order to improve the quality of the soil	Farmers are eligible for government support if they let a certain amount of land lie fallow.
	fellow	someone with same job or interests as you	She introduced me to some of her fellow students.
84.	faze	To disturb, bother, or embarrass, To disrupt the composure of	Fireworks did not faze the sleeping baby.
	phase	Any distinct time period in a sequence of events	The reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system.
85.	Jewry	all the Jews	Dr. Lisa is an expert of Latin American Jewry.
	jury	a group of people to decide whether a person is guilty or not guilty	Police officers aren't usually allowed to be on a jury.
86.	allusive	containing a lot of allusions	Her music is allusive.
	elusive	difficult to describe, find, achieve or remember	The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever.
87.	altogether	completely or in total	The government ought to abolish the tax altogether.
	all together	all at the same time	The last time we were all together was in 1999.
88.	farther	to a greater distance	The fog's so thick, I can't see farther than about ten meters.
	further	to a greater distance or degree; at a more advanced level	We discussed the problem but we didn't get much further in actually solving it.
89.	caret	a mark (‸) used in writing or in correcting proof, to show where something is to be inserted	Some screen readers use the system caret to determine which area of the screen to read or magnify.
	carat	a unit for measuring the weight of jewels	24-carat gold is the purest.
90.	revel	to separate the parts, esp. Threads	The road ravelled rapidly and became merely a pile of loose stones.
	reveal	to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret	He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.
91.	fain	glad; ready	He is fain to do all things himself.
	feign	to pretend to feel something, usually an emotion	You know how everyone feigns surprise when you tell them how old you are.
92.	hoard	to collect large amounts of something and keep it in a safe, often secret, place	During the siege people began hoarding food and supplies.
	horde	a large group of people	Hordes of students on bikes made crossing the road difficult.
93.	auger	a tool consisting of a twisted rod of metal fixed to a handle	In order to measure the pH directly; the kit includes a plastic auger to perforate the ground.
	augur	to be a sign of especially good or bad things in the future	Do you think that this recent ministerial announcement augurs a shift in government policy?
94.	venal	Capable of being corrupt	Raja Gulab Singh of Kashmir was a venal ruler.
	venial	describes a wrong action that is not serious and therefore easy to forgive	Aristocracy is not an institution aristocracy is a sin; generally a very venial one.
95.	deprecate	to not approve of something	We deprecate this use of company funds for political purposes.
	depreciate	to (cause something to) lose value, especially over time	Our car depreciated by $1500 in the first year we owned it.
96.	moat	a long wide hole dug around a castle and usually filled with water, to make it more difficult to attack	The site of the manor house is surrounded by a narrow moat which is fed by water from the New River.
	mote	something, especially a bit of dust	Dust motes swam alongside the gloomy corridor.
97.	loath	to be unwilling to do something	I am loath to spend it all at once.
	loathe	to hate someone or something	From an early age the brothers have loathed each other.
98.	affluence	having a lot of money or owning a lot of things	What we are seeing increasingly is a society of private affluence and public squalor.
	effluence	a thing that flows out or forth	How can Reef Entertainment justify releasing this effluence on the general public?
99.	amoral	without moral principles	The spies are younger, less jaded but equally cynical and still operating in a wholly amoral world.
	immoral	morally wrong	It's an immoral tax, because the poor will pay relatively more.
100.	mean	to express or represent something such as an idea, thought, or fact	These figures mean that almost 7% of the working population is unemployed.
	mien	a person's appearance, especially the typical expression on their face	His aristocratic mien and smart clothes singled him out.
101.	naughty	not behaving properly; mischievous or disobedient	Now that's naughty - you mustn't throw food on the floor!
	knotty	complicated and difficult to solve	That's rather a knotty question.
102.	ghostly	pale and transparent	The image is fading which gives the figure a rather ghostly appearance.
	ghastly	unpleasant and shocking	Today's newspaper gives all the ghastly details of the murder.
103.	hew	to cut a large piece out of any hard material in a rough way	The monument was hewn out of the side of a mountain.
	hue	a particular shade or tint of a given colour	In the Caribbean waters there are fish of every hue.
104.	maize	a tall plant grown in many parts of the world for its yellow seeds which are eaten as food	Some of our foods may contain ingredients produced from genetically modified maize.
	maze	An intricate, usually confusing network of interconnecting pathways	The old part of the town was a maze of narrow passages.
105.	medal	a small, flat piece of metal award for some distinguished action	He won three Olympic gold medals.
	meddle	to poke nose in other people's affairs	People shouldn't meddle with things they don't understand.
106.	ordinance	a law or rule made by a government or authority	City Ordinance 126 forbids car parking in this area.
	ordnance	all military weapons together with ammunition	Do not touch any military ordnance that may be found lying around this area.
107.	capital	a city which is the centre of government of a country or smaller political area	Australia's capital city is Canberra.
	capitol	the building in which a state legislature meets	A state legislature will meet in a capitol building.
108.	assay	an examination or testing	A positive result has been obtained in a mouse lymphoma assay.
	essay	attempt/ a short piece of writing on a particular subject	The Diploma is assessed by three essays of 3,000 words each.
109.	envelop	to cover or surround something completely	The graveyard looked ghostly, enveloped in mist.
	envelope	a flat, usually square or rectangular, paper container for a letter	A stamped, addressed envelope should be enclosed for reply.
110.	decree	an official statement that something must happen	More than 200 people were freed by military decree.
	degree	amount or level of something	This job demands a high degree of skill.
111.	desolate	describes a place that is empty and not attractive	The house stood in a bleak and desolate landscape.
	dissolute	Immoral	He led a dissolute life.
112.	species	a set of animals or plants with similar characteristics	Over a hundred species of insect are found in this area.
	specie	Coined money	The next insinuation is that the Bank has refused specie payments.
113.	kerb	The edge of a raised path nearest the road	She tripped over the kerb.
	curb	To control or to limit.	We must curb our spending next month.
114.	tortuous	not direct or simple	He took a tortuous route through back streets.
	torturous	causing torture	It was torturous to think that he could have stopped the boy from running into the road.
115.	wet	covered in water or another liquid	My bike got wet in the rain.
	whet	to increase someone's interest in and wish for something	I've read an excerpt of the book on the Web and it's whetted my appetite.
116.	adjoin	be next to and joined with	The kitchen adjoins the dining room.
	adjourn	break off (a meeting, legal case, or game) with the intention of resuming it later	The meeting was adjourned until December 4th.
117.	allay	diminish or put at rest (fear, suspicion, or worry)	The report attempted to educate the public and allay fears.
	ally	a person or organization that cooperates with or helps another in a particular activity	He was forced to dismiss his closest political ally.
118.	bases	plural form of basis	The bases in all subjects reflect basic ideas.
	basis	the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process; status	Trust is the only basis for a good working relationship.
119.	click	a short, sharp sound as of a switch being operated	She heard the click of the door.
	clique	Circle of people	Almost no one from her clique showed up at the reunion.
120.	liable	responsible by law	The supplier of goods can become liable for breach of contract in a variety of ways.
	libel	a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation	She sued two newspapers for libel.
121.	valet	A man's personal male attendant	The Valet announced that Albert is entering the room.
	varlet	A king's personal male attendant	Ayaz was Varlet of King Mehmood
122.	monitor	Observer	He has been assigned to monitor our progress.
	mentor	Adviser	Experienced people mentor pre-entry level professionals
123.	crevice	A narrow opening or fissure, especially in a rock or wall	The rat went through crevice into the cell.
	crevasse	A deep open crack, especially one in a glacier	Titanic had hit a crevasse to be wrecked.
124.	allude	To make indirect reference	He alluded to the problem but did not mention it.
	elude	To evade or escape from.	The thief eluded the police.
125.	braise	Fry (food) lightly and then stew it slowly in a closed container.	He braised the beef in garlic sauce.
	braze	Form, fix, soldering with an alloy of copper and zinc	Each joint is turned up tightly and well pinned or brazed.

Phrasal Verbs.

 

S.#	Phrasal Verb	Meanings	Sentence
1.	To Die of	Cause of death	The patient died of cancer.
2.	To be fond of	Likings for	He is fond of traveling.
3.	To laugh at	Making fun	Do not laugh at the poor.
4.	To act upon	Following	My students acted upon my advice.
5.	To Look after	Take care	He looks after his old mother very well.
6.	To Act for	In place of	He is acting for his manager these days.
7.	To Take after	To copy	Young generation is taking after the media.
8.	To Look up	To find	Students looked up for the new words in lesson.
9.	To bear out	To afford	If the charge is borne out one must pay fine.
10.	To hang out	To say/ to show	He hanged out his opinion in this matter.
11.	To control over	Control	He has no control over his son.
12.	To be fond of	Likings	Ahmed is fond of good books.
13.	To  Abide by	To follow	One must abide by the laws of country.
14.	To  Rely on	To be dependant	Wise people never rely on others.
15.	To Bring up	Brought up	Parents bring up their children.
16.	To be Cause of	Reason	Careless driving is a cause of accidents.
17.	To Find out	To locate	Government should find out the reasons of bribery
18.	To Talk with	To discuss	It is better to talk with our opponents than fighting
19.	To Swing on	To hang over	The baby swung on the mother’s arm.
20.	To Take out	To bring out	The police took out the gangster.
21.	To Take off	To fly	The aero plane took off at the exact time.
22.	To Wipe out	To dry/ get rid off	We should wipe out the tears of poor.
23.	To Deprive off	To snatch	One should not deprive anyone from anything.
24.	To Bow down	Obey	Muslims bow down before Allah only.
25.	To Stand by	support/be firm	Honest man always stands by his decisions.
26.	To Give up	To quit	Students should give up lying.
27.	To Keep back	To back off	Judge kept back his decision in the matter.
28.	To Pity for	Sympathy	Everyone has pity for poor and needy.
29.	To Put up	To submit	Company has put up and application.
30.	To Knock over	To hit	Stranger knocked him over and ran away.
31.	To Back out	To betray	Jews backed out their promise from Muslims.
32.	To Get through	To move on	Students got through the syllabus before exams.
33.	To Care of	Reference/ caring	He takes care of his health.
34.	To Aim at	To take target	The hunter aimed at the fox and fired.
35.	To Differ with	Different	His opinion differed with the others.
36.	To Break out	Spreading	Diseases broke out in the whole area after floods.
37.	To Look for	To search	He was looking for his lost book.
38.	To Make up	Decided	He made up his mind to buy a new car.
39.	To Pass by	To cross	He passed by many cities in their way to Lahore.
40.	To Take round	To move around	He took the guests round the college.
41.	To Mourn at	To cry for	We shouldn’t mourn at our failures.
42.	To Call out	To call up	People called out 15 for police help.
43.	To Call up	To ring up	He called me up in the late night.
44.	To look Down upon	To feel pity	We should not look down upon the poor.
45.	To Object to	Disagreement	He objected to my proposal.
46.	To Get over	Resolve	One should try to get over his flaws.
47.	To Break open	To steal	Thief broke open in the house.
48.	To be Shock at	Astonishment	He was shocked at the accident and death.
49.	Incline to	Be prepared	Teachers are always inclined to help students.
50.	To Die for	Purposeful death	Patriotism teaches us to die for country.